Jared Diamond set out to disprove inherent European superiority and discover other factors that spurred the West's development.
Throughout history, many have tried to justify colonization by relying on theories of white supremacy: such as the pseudoscientific study of skull shapes in phrenology, Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden,” and the cultural ideal of Manifest Destiny in 19th-century America. There may be a significant body of evidence to support its basic thesis, but the book has been widely criticized by historians for cherry-picking evidence, making unexamined assumptions, and taking biased primary sources at their word. The book won a Pulitzer Prize for nonfiction in 1998, and while it remains widely read, some critiques have emerged in the decades since its publication. This is the theory posited by Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. People are inevitably affected by their environment, and societies take advantage of or are forced to compensate for the distinct characteristics of the land around them. Various regions of the world have developed in different ways, and that is in no small part due to the impact of ecological factors on the people and societies that settle around them.
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